Gender and attendace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gender and attendace - Essay Example universities will only be able to provide the society with people with undergraduate graduation certificate instead of constructers with knowledge, self-discipline and integrity. Barlow (2011) defines absenteeism as a failure to regularly attend timetabled sessions such as seminars, lectures and practical or laboratory classes. In the UK, research has shown that student non-attendance at lectures and seminars is an area for concern (Morgan 2001). Thomas (2008) found that students who attained first-class grades also had the highest attendance rates. Newman-Ford et al. (2008) also found a strong positive relationship between attendance and performance across 22 compulsory modules in four degree schemes. In addition, Clark and Gill (2010) examined the relationship between attendance and performance, in a study consisting of 304 students. The study shows a very high attendance is significantly associated with an improvement in performance. Moreover, a study by Woodfield, Jessop, and Mcm illan (2006) revealed that men are more likely to be absent from classes than women, with the worst offenders being males with the highest levels of prior academic achievement. This establishes the need to investigate the possible relationship between gender and class attendance towards a better understanding of performance by gender and this forms the basis of the study. It is understood that Undergraduates play truant mainly because they couldn’t bear listening to teachers in class. As time passes, they don’t know what they learn for. They don’t have future directions, so they play truant, thus forming a vicious cycle. Barlow (2011) The main focus is the gender difference in student attendance rates, and the potential reasons why differential attendance rates may occur between male and female students, and whether they denote different academic achievement levels. The study is only limited to the students within the University XXXXX, where the study will focus on the

Your choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Your choice - Essay Example To serve the best interests of the people, it is seen as a necessary requirement to have the people actively involved in the running of the system (Shafritz, 2006). This paper will review the importance of a strong and effective public administration system in society. In order for there to be organization and order in a society, there must be the existence of an organized system that helps run the society. Respect for law demands that all those that want to be involved in the running of the administration need to understand it. This is in order for them to understand the principles behind such governance. Understanding this helps them, not only to understand being governed, but it also helps those governing, how to govern. Public administration offers people a forum to be heard and attention is given to their needs (Shafritz, 2006). According to Woodrow Wilson, he believed that public administration that was put in place failed. He believed that public administration and the government that were in place were two separate entities. There was the belief that there was to be a distinction from politics and administration. This is all in line with the case of The Blast in Centralia No. 5. It is difficult for any system of governance to create a system that is safe for everyone whilst it has leadership problems. This is next to impossible. A system has to be morally upright in order for it to function as it should. Without the internal order, it is not possible for it to govern external affairs. The need to re-establish government services around the area of administration is particularly vital (Stillman, 2009). Government services enable society to be served without much tussle. It is their job to represent the people on a much higher level. Public administration has a crucial part to play in the creation, and implementation of goals in a society. These goals and objectives help in the alleviation of poverty and the creation of employment.

What Are The Impacts Of Civil Engineering Environmental Sciences Essay

What Are The Impacts Of Civil Engineering Environmental Sciences Essay Discuss the impact of civil engineering on our environment and in particular the extent to which current practice is sustainable into the future. Civil engineering has always had a big impact on our society and environment. Decisions made by the government and private investors are generally money orientated but recently some of the planning and construction of projects has been halted due to the credit crisis. Currently, problems are now being resolved and debts are being paid off. The government and Investors are recently more worried about the environment and how to tackle occurring and future problems. Society is relying on them for plans, improvement and developments to stop civilization from suffering the further effects of global warming. The Earth summit, Kyoto Protocol and Copenhagen conference in 2009 was surrounding the issues on gas emission on global warming and what governments can do together to give society a better chance for the future. With the help of construction projects from eco housing firms, public buildings and private funded structures, this will allow society to be aware of the problems caused by global warming and therefore respond by giving something back to the earth. This report will be based on what the world is doing about global warming, how it is put into action in the United Kingdom and how society can help. World leaders gather for summits and conferences to discuss current issues and affairs that concern the whole nation. Big problems such as fossil fuel crisis, scarcity of water, global warming etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ With these concerns addressed, the government can take action and inform the rest of the nation of the crisis we are facing in the near future. Certain nations or countries would not accept or agree with the issues that are addressed because of their economical and financial status. This causes differences and causes other problems to break out. In 1992, more than 100 representatives from all over the world met in Rio de Janeiro for the first international Earth summit. Ref: http://www.un.org/esa/earthsummit/index.html Where Agenda 21 was first heard, the Rio declaration on Environment and Development, the Statement of Forest Principles, the United Nations Framework convention on Climate Change and the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. The topics that occurred in the summit were, by replacing fossil fuels with alternative energy and concern of the scarcity of water was brought to the world leaders attention. Ref: http://www.un.org/geninfo/bp/enviro.html Agenda 21 is 300 pages, 40 chapters and 4 categories plan to achieving sustainable development for the 21st century. Ref: http://www.bgci.org/resources/article/0011/ The plan consists of social and economics dimensions includes dealing with poverty, promoting heath etc The conference also included a more relevant topic on conservation and management of resour ces for development which would cover how to combat poverty, stopping or minimizing forestation, controlling the level of pollution, protecting the environment and conserving biodiversity. There are 2 other topics which are strengthening the role of major groups that includes the roles of business workers, women and children. The last topic is means of implementation, which consist of education, science and technology. The most discussed topic that is addressed in the Kyoto Protocol from the United Nations framework Convention on climate change is the conservation and management of resources for development as combating global warming due to the current world affairs. The plan of the Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty for controlling the amount of green house gases that goes into the atmosphere to prevent further damage from global warming. Ref: http://unfccc.int/essential_background/kyoto_protocol/items/1678.php Agenda 21: Earths action plan annotated by Nicholas A. Robinson, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural resources Between 7th and 18th December 2009 there was a United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, the topic that started it off was Climate change: Global Risk, Challenges and Decisions where the most important messages was the climatic trends which is proving that the rate of emission had increased, climate changing dramatically and damages done the ocean and ice sheet. Another key message is social disruption where society is also the main suspect for the recent change in the climate. Another key message was long-term strategy which was implying to reduce intensive radioactivity in order to reduce the harm in global warming. Equity dimensions means to take into consideration the affect of the climate change on society. Another point was inaction is inexcusable which mean climate change will affect everything and what benefit they can gain from it such as job growth, restoration of the ecosystem. Finally the last message is meeting the challenge which means with the increase of emissions, can be overcome by the help of the public and private sector. This is done by allowing the society to have better knowledge of the current status. Ref: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-03/uoc-cg031209.php The accord of the conference was to endorse the continuation of the Kyoto Protocol, reducing emission form deforestation and needs to enhance removals of greenhouse gas emission by forest etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ criticism were not good as no decision was taken on whether to agree a legally binding successor to the Kyoto Protocol, only drafted by 5 countries, no real targets to achieve in emissions reductions and no international approach to technology etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Ref: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/cop15/eng/l07.pdfThis shows that the COP15 was not successful enough to make a big change, but the knowledge among the public will allow the government to realize how important they take the climate change in this generation and for the next. Large scale constructions in the United Kingdom are owned by private investors or public. It is important for the planning to go accordingly and not dishearten and upset nearby residents or commuters. Housing estates built in the United Kingdom are mostly from private investors, where they have to go thought a long process with the council to determine whether or not they get a planning permission. Houses are producing approximately 30% of all energy consumed and Co2 emissions therefore companies are staring to develop new eco homes, where houses are designed lower carbon emissions or using renewable resources. Companies that have invested in projects have to seriously consider the problems they are going to face regarding environmental issues. As regular problems such as whether the structure or development will fit into the surrounding environment, what sort of structure is being built and considering the neighborhood. A good example of construction and development problem is Falmer stadium near the University of Brighton. As planning permission was give by Brighton and Hove city council, problem aroused from Lewes council as the stadium was planned for construction on the boundary between Brighton and Lewes. The village of Lewes was not happy due to the problems that will occur in the future such as traffic congestion, road blocks, pollution from vehicles and construction pollution. Problems they will be facing should not be brought to a small village. Ref: http://wapedia.mobi/en/Falmer_Stadium The Falmer for all group held a protest during the Liberal democrat meeting in 17th September 2006, as the FFA said that there was more than 5,000 residents of the Lewes district had signed a petition which opposed their councils court action. And a further hearing is scheduled for the 5th and 6th December. Ref: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/southern_counties/5255088.stm Though further debate and decis ions, the government decided to give the go ahead for the construction of Falmer stadium. Work commenced on the 17th December 2008 but the work on the actual stadium is not ready to start until April 2009. It has been said that the Falmer Stadium was one of the longest struggles for a football club to have their own stadium to be built. Ref: http://wapedia.mobi/en/Falmer_Stadium A good example of an eco friendly building is Jubilee library in Brighton, which was finished in 2004 with the overall cost of  £14,500,000. The library was designed to use the natural energy provided by suns light and wind from the south coast. The suns energy is gathered through the glazed wall in winter. The Solar shading and automatically opening vents will reduce solar glare in the summer. Water use is minimized by the collection and reuse of rainwater for toilet flushing. Heat created by equipment in the building is also reused but energy use has been minimized, as the building has a high thermal mass and a solid, heavy structure called Termodeck. Heat is stored in the floor and walls, being released slowly into surrounding areas as part of a low energy release ventilation and heating system. Instead of air conditioning, natural ventilation from sea breeze is released to cools the building, five meter high wind towers on the roof use the breeze to draw excess heat from the su mmer. By using sunlight, both quality of the environment and of reduction of energy consumption, will sustain a good surrounding environment. Ref: http://www.designinglibraries.org.uk/view/index.php?id=434831a73024a The building itself won several prestigious awards for design and good to the environment. In the recent years, society has been looking for houses which will save them money on utility bills and help save the environment from global warming therefore firms like Baufritz, a design and construction company using eco friendly timber framed. It is calculated that a typical house consumes 250 kWh/m^2 whilst Baufritzs consumes 40 kWh/m^2, a typical house uses 25 liters/m^2 of heating oil whilst Baufritz uses 4 liters/m^2 and brick work wall loses 0.45 W/m^2K though thermal transfer to exterior walls when Baufritiz lose 0.16 on a 400mm thick standard energy wall. The energy wall is constructed from an internal wall finish, plasterboard made from natural gypsum or other requested finish, natural plasterboard with protective shield against external high frequency radiation and low frequency electric fields, building paper to improve air tightness of wall, timber frame with fulfill cavity insulation made from wood shavings, wood fiberboard and external timber cladding with ventilat ed cavity. Ref: http://www.baufritz.co.uk/why_ecology.asp#diagram This concludes that world leaders are doing everything they can to come up with a solution for the concerning problem regarding global warming. Summits and conference are making a difference but not fast enough as Global warming has been an issue for the last 20 years. Although we are making slow and steady progress but if decisions and actions are not made sooner, this generation and the next will suffer. As the Earth summit hardly made an impact, Agenda 21 is still an important topic and plan that nations are still using. This report shows that most decisions made in COP15 are not legally binded therefore not much progress was made. Agenda 21 and Kyoto protocol was brought up in Copenhagen and a continuation of these objectives are in order. The Key messages in the conference were addressed and encouraged nations to do their best in securing a better future. The past conferences had made an impact on the society but not enough to slow down global warming fast enough. As shown on th is report, progress are being made in terms of civil engineering are like companies similar to Baufritz, which is encouraging society to invest in properties that allows them to benefit from the money saved on utilities bill as well as saving the environment. It is important for companies like Baufriz to have a smooth development and construction period unlike Falmer Stadium, which caused a lot of problems due to disruption to the nearby environment therefore putting home buyers off. The government showed a great example with Jubilee library in Brighton where its award winning for its eco friendliness speaks for itself. The library itself is a wonderful structure with the help of advancement on technology that allows it to be very energy efficient. As a whole, civil engineering has made changes in the past, present and will make changes for the future. With the help of governments, civil engineering gives a chance for society to independently help save the planet from global warming for the future generation. Sustainability for the future relies on the government to take further action to allow more eco developments and constructions to take place. With the societys knowledge growing about the rising threat, our chances to save the future is growing.

Connie’s Choice in Where are you Going, Where have you Been? :: Where Are You Going Where Have You Been

Where are you Going, Where have you Been? – Connie’s Choice I think Connie opened the screen door because she wanted to escape from her life with her family into some kind of fantasy. I think there were other reasons also, but the story points to this one in many places. First of all, Connie was not happy at home. The story says that her father "was away at work most of the time," and "didn't bother talking much to them," so Connie didn't have love from him and had to find male attention somewhere else. Connie found her happiness in escaping with her friend to the drive-in restaurant and daydreaming about boys. But the happiness she found in both of these things had nothing to do with actual events; it is based on a fantasy. When she was out at the drive-in with a boy, her face gleamed "with the joy that had nothing to do with Eddie or even this place; it might have been the music." When she daydreamed about boys, they all "fell back and dissolved into a single face that was not even a face, but an idea, a feeling mixed up with the urgent pounding of the music..." A theme that runs through this story is that music seems to be the bridge from the real world into Connie's fantasy world. She doesn't know what she wants, but it's got something to do with "the music that made everything so good." When Arnold Friend drove up the driveway, Connie was listening to music, "bathed in a glow of slow-pulsed joy." She soon discovered that he was playing the same music in his car. This is not a coincidence; I think it makes a connection in the back of Connie's mind. And, the story says that it seemed to Connie like Arnold "had come from nowhere," and "belonged nowhere," and that everything about him "was only half real." I think in some strange way Arnold becomes to Connie the way to escape into her fantasy. When she learns his true intentions she is scared to death at first but eventually that fear gives way to "an emptiness." Connie thinks, "I'm not going to see my mother again... I'm not going to sleep in my bed again.

The thrust of the Computer Security Plan

The thrust of the Computer Security Plan part of the Business Plan is to ensure that the information systems to be deployed by the company will be in line with of the strategic mission and vision of the company. In order to insure that the information technology infrastructure and resources will meet the requisite requirements of every strategic, tactical and operational plan, the company decided to start on the right footing by adapting the standards contained in the ISO/IEC 17799:2005 or specifically known as the Information Technology – Security Techniques – Code of Practice for Information Security Management. By purchasing the ISO 17799 Toolkit, the company can follow the roadmap for a more secure information systems environment, implement the policies contained in the toolkit, and eventually obtain ISO 17799 certification to add more value to the consulting business. Specifically, the company will initially address the following areas that require immediate attention: 1.User authentication methods and policies – This will be based on Section 11.1.1 of ISO 17799 wherein, â€Å"An access control policy should be established, documented, and reviewed based on business and security requirements for access. Access control rules and rights for each user or group of users should be clearly stated in an access control policy. Access controls are both logical and physical and these should be considered together. Users and service providers should be given a clear statement of the business requirements to be met by access controls.† 2.Desktop policies – This will be based on Sections 11.3.2 Unattended user equipment and 11.3.3 Clear desk and clear screen policy wherein, â€Å"Users should ensure that unattended equipment has appropriate protection. All users should be made aware of the security requirements and procedures for protecting unattended equipment, as well as their responsibilities for implementing such protection. Users should be advised to terminate active sessions when finished, unless they can be secured by an appropriate locking mechanism, e.g. a password protected screen saver; log-off mainframe computers, servers, and office PCs when the session is finished; secure PCs or terminals from unauthorized use by a key lock or an equivalent control. A clear desk policy for papers and removable storage media and a clear screen policy for information processing facilities should be adopted.† 3.Remote user authentication methods and policies – This will be based on Section 11.4.2 User authentication for external users of ISO 17799 wherein, â€Å"Appropriate authentication methods should be used to control access by remote users. Authentication of remote users can be achieved using, for example, a cryptographic based technique, hardware tokens, or a challenge/response protocol. Possible implementations of such techniques can be found in various virtual private network (VPN) solutions. Dedicated private lines can also be used to provide assurance of the source of connections. Dial-back procedures and controls, e.g. using dial-back modems, can provide protection against unauthorized and unwanted connections to an organization's information processing facilities. This type of control authenticates users trying to establish a connection to an organization's network from remote locations.† 4.Password policy – This will be based on Section 11.3.1 Password use of ISO 17799 wherein, â€Å"Users should be required to follow good security practices in the selection and use of passwords. All users should be advised to keep passwords confidential; avoid keeping a paper or software record of passwords, unless this can be stored securely and the method of storing has been approved; change passwords whenever there is any indication of possible system or password compromise; select quality passwords with sufficient minimum length which are easy to remember; not based on anything somebody else could easily guess or obtain using person related information; not vulnerable to dictionary attacks; free of consecutive identical, all-numeric or all-alphabetic characters; change passwords at regular intervals or based on the number of accesses, and avoid re-using or cycling old passwords; change temporary passwords at the first log-on; not include passwords in any automated log-on process, not use the same password for business and non-business purposes.† 5.Communication process for email, secure file exchange via email – This will be based on Section 10.1.1 Documented operating procedures of ISO 17799 wherein, â€Å"Operating procedures should be documented, maintained, and made available to all users who need them. Documented procedures should be prepared for system activities associated with information processing and communication facilities, such as computer start-up and close-down procedures, backup, equipment maintenance, media handling, computer room and mail handling management, and safety. Operating procedures, and the documented procedures for system activities, should be treated as formal documents and changes authorized by management. Where technically feasible, information systems should be managed consistently, using the same procedures, tools, and utilities.† To further manage the information technology infrastructure and resources, the plan calls for the adoption of the â€Å"best-of-breed† approach by way of making certain that the building blocks of information security (Shaurette 2002) are fully exploited. These building blocks include the optimum use of security policies, authentication, access control, anti-virus/content filtering systems, virtual private networking (VPN)/encryption methodologies, vulnerability services consulting, intrusion protection system, and public key infrastructure (PKI)/certification authorities (CA)/digital signatures systems. This is considered to be the first step towards finding a technique for modeling and evaluating the security of a system (Stjerneby 2002).

Reorganizing the Woody Company Essay

Background Woody Company is a small sole-proprietorship that specializes in the manufacture of high quality bar stools. Currently, three types of bar stools are marketed with increases in standing orders currently reaching $750,000. Mr. Woody has decided to expand his organization to and aggressively pursue the market, but realizes that issues with defective wood from his suppliers, manufacturing quality defects and problems associated with late delivery of his finished product has impacted his profit margin (Bateman & Snell, 2007, p. 317). My assistance has been solicited to optimize the organizational structure, recommend pay structure and determine work allocation within the company. Organizational Structure A small company is, by definition, one that employs less than 500 employees (Hatten, 2007, p. 5). This is only relevant from the prospective that being a small business by definition allows for certain assistance from the Small Business Administration and tax code specifications. More importantly, the small business is a mindset of operation that will capitalize on the potential strength of flexibility and responsiveness that can only be exercised with a company that â€Å"can move fast, can provide quality goods and services to targeted market niches, and can inspire greater involvement from their people† (Bateman & Snell, 2007, p. 298). Mr. Woody has provided a mission and vision statement for his company that states the following: â€Å"To manufacture world-class products that are competitive in the world market in quality, reliability, performance, and profitability (and) to create a  culture where pride, ownership, employment security, and trust are a way of life† (Bateman & Snell, 2007, p. 317). What follows is a plan that will meet these expectations and provide opportunity for increased growth. Some of the agility that is afforded by keeping the focus of the company on remaining small is a greater ability to use a mechanistic structure that is able to remain responsive, promoting both a high involvement and a continuous learning environment, enhancing quality improvement standards and embracing lean manufacturing as a means to improve overall profitability. Figure 1 (p. 8) is the proposed organizational chart for Woody Company which I will use to illustrate work responsibilities covered later in this proposal. Although this structure may serve to contradict some popular beliefs that organic structures can be more responsive to changing company dynamics and market realities (Bateman & Snell, 2007, p. 292), a 2006 article in the Academy of Management Journal which studied the difference between mechanistic and organic structures contradicts this viewpoint. In this study Sine, Mitsuhashi and Kirsch prove that mechanistic structures promote â€Å"low role ambiguity, high levels of individual focus and discretion, low coordination costs, and generally high levels of organizational efficiency† (pp. 130-131). I submit that this type of organizational structure is precisely what Woody Company needs to build on existing successes. By following my model of reorganization, the benefits that can be seen in a more organic structure, such as an inherently increased amount of flexibility through coordinated decision making and individual employee empowerment, can and will be realized. Top-down investment in the continuous training of the employees of Woody Company, through the direct efforts of the Human Resource and Training Office is an investment that will pay rewards in not only employee loyalty, but also efficiency in all the operations. Focus on Communication Strategies Management focus on preventing or lessening communication barriers will serve to not only empower all employees, but also help improve processes which may  lead to greater efficiency and profits. One recommendation to potentially remove communications barriers is a daily operations walkthrough meetings each morning on the manufacturing floor by all managers. This not only improves situational awareness across the organization, but also provides the staff the opportunity to address concerns and raise issues that challenge management. Clear and open communications are a significant attribute to process improvement and come at a very low price. Implement Lean Manufacturing Another key influence to improving overall quality and efficiency is the hiring of a Lean Manufacturing Champion to ensure the lean process is effective. A Lean Champion is best defined in the January 2006 Manufacturing Today magazine as: â€Å"They [Lean Manufacturing Champions] set and maintain the goals of the improvement projects, making sure that they are aligned with the overall business priorities and objectives. Lean champions also act as coaches and teachers, educating the entire organization, including the supply base, on the importance of lean. They are also facilitators and negotiators, helping to smooth out internal manufacturing and organizational issues, and keep lean initiatives on track† (Weissman, 2006,  ¶ 4). Dedicating Woody Company resources on adapting Lean Manufacturing principles and actions will ultimately lead to greater process efficiency and quality which will lead to greater profits and growth potential. Lean principles are an investment in personnel and processes. Buy Quality Materials, Produce Quality Products through Automation Woody Company can take two steps in the manufacturing process to realize immediate improvements in the quality of goods produced. First, the company needs to re-evaluate their raw material supplier relationships. The purchasers for the company must procure only the finest in raw materials as a first step in reducing waste through not bringing defective materials into  the plant in the first place. This can be done by pre-screening suppliers and making sure that they meet standards of quality such that are proven through ISO 9000 certification. Analyzing history on dollars lost through defective raw materials can be translated into perhaps paying more in order to secure premium raw wood materials. The second method to improve quality should be a review of manufacturing processes with a focus on introducing computerized cutting, joining and measurement equipment. The cost associated with automating the manufacturing process can be offset through improved production capacity, more accurate fabrication, and greater flexibility in the types of wood products that can be manufactured. Using computer controlled equipment removes the human error element during production runs, and expands the potential product line opportunity to other areas of manufacturing. Figure 1 (p. 8) shows the manufacturing areas as Pre-Fabrication, Fabrication and Assembly and Finishing. The specialization of the staff in these modules builds on proven advantages mass customization (Bateman & Snell, 2007, p. 307), but does not necessarily mean that every order needs to be unique. The key is that specialization provides greater flexibility. Personnel resource allocations that I have recommended are based on my perception of the more labor intensive areas of the process, but personnel can and should be cross trained. Personnel allocations should ensure that each area of the p rocess contains at least some personnel that are skilled woodworkers, and that quality checks are implemented at each stage, to include as a final check, shipping and receiving. Pay and Bonus Plan Compensation of personnel at Woody Company should be based on responsibility, experience and proven performance. Consideration should be given to financial bonuses for employees who perform above and beyond expectations and rewards for the various teams in the company that have proven efficiency and demonstrated cost savings. Conclusion Woody Company needs to make strategic changes to increase market ownership  and profitability. Increasing manpower alone is a simplistic and perhaps ineffective solution. The appropriate action will rely on a willingness to focus on improving current competencies and develop capacity for increased areas of the wood furniture market. My recommendations are a starting point; now Woody Company needs to act in order to take the company to the next level. References Bateman, T, & Snell, S. (2007). _Management: The New Competitive Landscape (7th ed.)_. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin Hatten, T. (2006). _Small Business Management: Entrepeneurship and Beyond (3rd ed.)._ New York: Houghton Mifflin Co. Knudson, B. (2007, September). Implementing A Vision. _Manufacturing Today_, _7_(5), 48-51. Retrieved January 6, 2008, from Business Source Complete database. Sine, W., Mitsuhashi, H. & Kirsch, D. (2006, February). Revisiting Burns and Stalker: Formal Structure and New Venture Performance in Emerging Economic Sectors. _Academy of Management Journal, 49_(1). 121-132. Retrieved January 5, 2008 from Business Source Complete database. Weissman, R. (2006, January). We Are the Champions. _The ManufacturerMagazine_ retrieved January 6, 2007 from http://www.themanufacturer.com/us/content/3947/We_are_the_champions

California Indian Suppression essays

California Indian Suppression essays Modern America has established and continues to maintain a positive view of the California Mission System instituted by the Spaniards in the late 1700s and early 1800s. This attitude has been popularized due to the United States desire to see their nation as a place of freedom, free of blame, originally based on Christian morality. The problem lies in that history has become subjective. Early historians denied the barbaric nature of the mission system, releasing the Spanish Catholic Church and the eventual Anglo-Saxon conquerors of fault in regards to the decimation of the Native California Indian population. In contemporary America, despite revisionist history, people continue to celebrate a mythical past full of positive reformation that never truly existed. To understand the situation we must first examine the true nature of the history that occurred. The Franciscans first arrived in California in 1769, establishing their first mission in San Diego the same year. Then came San Gabriel in 1771, San Juan Capistrano in 1776, San Buenaventura in 1782, San Fernando in 1797, San Luis Rey in 1798, La Purisima Concepcion in 1787, and finally Santa Ynez in 1804. According to Carey McWilliams, author of Southern California Country, there were approximately 30,000 Indians in Southern California when the Franciscans arrived. During the reign of the mission system the Padres baptized nearly 54,000 Indians, converting them to Catholicism. These Indians have been labeled neophytes, or new converts. The original intentions of the Padres were simple enough. They intended to reach out to these savage peoples, bringing them salvation through the Gospel of Christ. They intended to purify the church, and simplifying life itself. This philosophy was inspired by a Dutchman. Known as Epicureanism, this philosophy focused directly on simplification. The Franciscans saw California as a land of opportunity, a chance to rid t...

John Watsons Behaviorism essays

John Watson's Behaviorism essays John Watson was born in 1878 in Greenville, South Carolina, a town that was enriched with religion and spiritual practices. Many people believed John would grow up to be a minister or have a wonderful job with the church, but John Watson had other ideas. By the age of thirteen, he was swearing, drinking, and chasing women. At school, Watson began to be rather vicious and violent. He was obviously intelligent but he was lazy, somewhat insubordinate, and never made a decent grade (Cohen, pg 10). Watson also began fighting with kids at school as a response to his hatred of it. Suddenly, Watson took a radical turn and, at the age of fifteen, was accepted into Furman University. This is amazing coming from the man that would one day fight for the radical ideas that he would propose. Watson, after being a juvenile delinquent, would start a movement that many would not understand or accept. This paper will show how John Watson created a small ripple in the water that is now a perm anent fixture in the world of psychology. Watson called for a new and radical psychology that he termed Behaviorism. In his lectures on the new psychology of Behaviorism, he stated, Behaviorism claims that consciousness is neither a definable nor a usable concept; that it is merely another word for the soul or more ancient times (Watson, pg 1). One of Watsons biggest hurdles to get over was this change from a school of thought that was based on consciousness to one that believed it was not needed at all. By eliminating states of consciousness as proper objects of investigation, Watson sought to remove the barrier of subjectivity from psychology which exists between it and the other sciences (http://fates.cns.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/watson.htm). David Cohen wrote a book called The Founder of Behaviorism which included this famous quote from one of Watson&ap...

A SWOT Analysis of Nike, Inc.

A SWOT Analysis of Nike, Inc. Internal: Strengths The first strength of Nike as a company is that is outsources all aspects of its production to overseas facilities. This is a strength as the company saves money on the labor costs and the helps the company focus on design and research with the additional capital they save. The next strength is that Nike is a globally recognized brand that has strong customer loyalty. Along with this, Nike has a reputation for quality and endurance which makes it the brand of choice for athletes and fitness fanatics. Another strength of Nike is that it is an extremely competitive company with a catchy slogan that summarizes the ideology of the company. â€Å"Just Do It† is globally known and contributes as to why Nike is one of the few dominating companies in the market. Weaknesses The first weakness of Nike as a company is it perceived by some people as too premium and expensive. This is a weakness as a lot of people are migrating to lower prices athletic wear which is primarily focused on quality. The next weakness is that Nike does its business through retailers who sell other competing brands. This kills the exclusivity of the brand as it is often competing against hundreds of other brands who beat Nike in some aspects including price or quality. As mentioned previously, Nike outsources all of its manufacturing to save money. A lot of companies who outsource overseas are faced with negative publicity due to the bad image of â€Å"Sweatshops†. This could turn people off shopping at Nike due to unfriendly conditions that are associated with sweatshops. Opportunities One of the biggest opportunities for Nike is the emerging markets in regards to athletes and sports teams. A lot of people purchase their favorite teams regardless of the brand. If Nike strategically gets access to the biggest sports teams their sale would increase. If Nike continues to diversify into new markets other than footwear they can begin to dominate different markets such as sporting accessories. Nike has the advantage of compromising price to attract new customers. They already have a loyal customer following so they already have large profit margins. If they take the chance of lowering prices they could increase revenue from new customers. Threats The main threat to Nike is competitors such as Adidas, Puma and Under-Armor. Companies in the same market as Nike are continuously growing, putting pressure on Nike as a company that needs to continue to grow. The price of competitors is a big threat to Nike. Consumers today are more price cautions and will often opt for the cheaper products. As Nike uses overseas outlets to manufacture there is a constant threat that they will be exposed for poor trade practices. If they are exposed it would damage the company’s image and consumers might want to purchase from other suppliers.  · Where do our internal strengths match with external opportunities? This represents the best fit between the companys resources and the options available in the external environment. Nike’s internal strengths matches their external opportunities in the sense that Nike is a globally recognized company that has strong customer loyalty. An external opportunity that Nike could take advantage is lowering their price to attract new customers. As of one Nike’s strengths is strong brand recognition, it makes Nike a desirable brand especially if the prices are lowered. There is a possibility that the increase of new customers could increase profit and get more life-long customers.  · Where do our internal weaknesses match up with external opportunities? What opportunities are we not able to capture? The first weakness of Nike that matches up with external opportunities is that Nike is viewed as a premium brand that is too expensive for some consumers to purchase. The opportunity that this matches up to is the chance Nike has to lower its prices and attract new customers. The reason as to why it is difficult for Nike to capture this opportunity is because Nike carries a certain prestige that they don’t want tainted with cheap prices of their merchandise. If everyone can afford to wear Nike the prestige element wouldn’t have as much of an effect and it could possibly lose customers.  · Where do our internal strengths match up with external threats? What resources do we have that might turn a threat into an opportunity? The internal strengths that match up with the external threats in Nike is the face that Nike outsources all of its production to overseas facilities to save money on the cost of production. The matches with the external threats as the conditions of these overseas facilities leave much to be desired. If a report of these conditions were to ever appear it could severely damage Nike’s reputation. The pressure of other companies such as Adidas and Puma could become an opportunity for Nike to continuously grow and slow down in a very competitive market.  · Where do our internal weaknesses match the external threats in the environment? These are the worst possible scenarios for an organization. The internal weaknesses that match the external threats is the fact that Nike do most of its business through retailers. This is a threat as many consumers can compare prices of Nike to other competitors in a retail store. This could introduce consumers to cheaper prices of rival brands.

Business Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Business Administration - Essay Example The value of them is $87 million. The total assets of Apple Inc are $2404 million. The value of NY Fund is substantial when compared to individual investors and small when compared to institutional investors. The compensation regarding the legal suit will bring out a change in the earnings per share and may result in a slight fall in the share value of the company. This can be termed as minimum risk but the chance of decrease of the share price cannot be ruled out. This depends on market's interpretation of a particular practice. If it is removed from the economic reality or regulators try to take any action, there is a chance of losing profit on investing in Apple Inc. (Susan Mangiero, 2007)1 It can be termed that the Apple Inc is holding excessive cash than the requirements. This has been a strategic tool for the company to maintain liquidity or to save the depreciation of assets. This will not increase the earnings per share as the excessive cash is not invested and incurs zero income. The net income is $1,774 million at the end of march 2007 and the cash in hand for the company is more than $7 million. The cash generated by operational activities i8s only $2547 million. This indicates that the company is holding the cash from previous quarter and it is the cash is more than that required for investments. (Apple Inc, 2007) 2 The elements of marketing s... In the second week, the program integrates these core elements to create a cohesive marketing strategy within the context of an effective overall business strategy. In-depth knowledge of competitive dynamics and how to integrate marketing strategy into the overall business strategy Frameworks for analysing customer preferences and enhancing customer relationships Building and managing brand equity with effective market communication Marketing and innovation produce results; all the rest are costs. Marketing is the distinguishing, unique function of the business. The innovation of the company is regarding the products but not regarding the marketing. This may effect the profitability and earnings on share.3 Complex market, intense competition, expectant customers, and demanding shareholders require more intelligent marketing.4 In order to develop a well-informed decision making marketing, a variety of analytical and planning mechanisms are perquisite. and ORAC model: optimising, reasoning, analogising and creating 2.3 Misleading strong numbers: The computer hardware industry depends on US and non US consumer price competition. The slow down of commercial orders middled in the corporate sales and affected the apple inc. While the computer industry increased all over the world, it just increased by 3 percent in US. It is 17.6 percent in Asia pacific and 22.2 percent in Eastern Europe. The Apple Inc did not pierce into the markets that are fast growing like Asia pacific, Eastern Europe and Latin America. This resulted in the lack of growth of the business of the company and affected the profitability. This inability of the company can be termed as risk for investing in the company. The major rise in computer hardware demand was captured by

Discrimination in the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Discrimination in the Workplace - Essay Example These needs should make all employees feel as if they are their own managers or bosses. In addition, an efficient job design in criminal justice agencies should provide employees with a prospect to learn different things in the job setting. It should also attract help and respect from colleagues, increase meaning in an employee’s work, and promote a future that is desirable (Allen, 1993). Job design in criminal justice agencies should take into consideration the Americans with Disabilities Act provisions in creating accommodations that are reasonable to employees who are disabled. The Americans with Disabilities Act is established to safeguard the disabled people’s civil rights. The protection is the same to that which protects individuals of different ethnic backgrounds, religions, and races. Criminal justice agencies should have a job design that incorporates the Americans with Disabilities Act so that all employees with disabilities can wholesomely access and partici pate fully in every societal event. Job design in criminal justice agencies should be made in a way that eliminates any barrier that may refuse disabled persons equivalent chance and job access, telecommunications, organization’s services, and transportation (Allen, 1993). The Americans with Disabilities Act constitutes five distinct parts. The first part is related to employment. The job design in criminal justice agencies should incorporate the employment part of the Americans with Disabilities Act when making their employments. This part forbids any form of employment discrimination against people who are disabled and qualified. Part two is concerned with public services. Criminal justice agencies should design their activities, services, or programs in a nondiscriminatory manner. For example, transportation services in any justice agency should take into consideration all employees including those who are disabled. The agencies should eliminate communications and architec tural obstacles in a new construction or any ongoing one (Colker & Milani, 2005). For instance, their offices and buildings should be manageable to disabled people and those who use wheelchairs. Part three comprises commercial facilities and public accommodations. A criminal agency should permit their disabled employees to get involved in the services and products provision. Their office buildings and public accommodation places should be easily accessible to people who are disabled. Part four constitutes telecommunications. The agencies should corporate with phone companies to provide relay services for people with speech and hearing impairments. The fifth part of the Americans with Disabilities Act comprises miscellaneous, technical and legal specifications. This should direct the criminal justice agencies the guidelines to provide equal or sufficient rights protection to all disabled persons (Colker & Milani, 2005). Nonetheless, accommodations that are reasonable should be adopte d unless they are expensive or of significant difficulty. Question 2 George Lane and other disabled individuals sued Tennessee for not accessing the top floors of Tennessee state courthouses. They argued that they were not allowed to enter the building because of their disabilities. Tennessee violated the second part of the Americans with Disabilities Act. This part is concerned with public services. In addition, this part of the Americans with Disabilities Act permits people who are victimized to sue for damages. On the other hand,

Multimedia and the Internet Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Multimedia and the Internet - Research Paper Example The user has the ability to make member accounts on the website that is free currently. The website enables the user to gather the accessories of his or her interest by making an account also enabling the website to inform them of promotional activities and sales through emails. Advantage that the website provides is the function of displaying new items on the shelf at the home page. Apart from that, products that are in fashion are displayed at the home page with a brief insight on them to enable the user to get familiar with the product. A search section is also provided in case a user wants to search for a specific product on the website or look for several related products. The website also provides a function of comparing products on the basis of several factors and ranking them accordingly to provide the user the best brand according to his demands. The website design is perfect and up to the standards of any good website, there are no error links meaning every link does take you to a new page that displays information related to the caption of the link. The website contains all the information that a customer will need regarding the product with the added advantage of a simple window to window moving procedure. The website is quite user friendly and covers all the concepts that any good website does. Overview The second website that's going to be discussed on the same given standards is Computer Shops that is basically a search portal that provides the user list of websites that are selling computer accessories online. The difference between the two websites is a major one but we are not comparing here. Design and Layout This website is quite attractive and interactive but the problem is that the websites outlook is not as attractive as the one we discussed earlier. The options and functionality are obviously limited as this website is a search portal. Functions and Navigation The research portal gives the user access to articles and products related to computer accessories from all over the World Wide Web. The website also enables a user to search for different online shops. The website is easy to read with a simple two colored background and a decent font. The website also contains pictures to help give a clear and broader meaning to the material present on the website plus the user gets a clearer picture of the product and the search results. The website's additional advantage is that it also provides results from local databases as well as international. Error Links The error links that the website provide go up to twenty-five and are displayed on the home page of the website. Source coding = attached to the appendix Overall Feedback The website belongs to second-class category and the error links are the major draw back for the website. Tons of information is provided but moving through it is not as easy as it could have been, a certain amendment in the search method would give the website a better ranking. Overview The third website we will discuss is about Personal Computers and the name of the website is Southern Computers. Design and Layout The website's first impression is of a local low budget website with a very dull colored backgroun

Business Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Business Taxation - Essay Example This scheme is said to help in reducing the amount of paperwork as one need not necessarily keep track of all VAT expenditures. For one to register for the VAT Flat Rate Scheme, these conditions are worth noting. First, the estimated annual taxable turnover should be below  £150,000 (SJD Accountancy Ltd, 2015). Secondly, if one already joined the scheme will continue staying in it until its turnover hits  £230,000 per year. Third, the taxpayer will not be able to claim back most of the Vat paid on the purchase of goods and expenses. However, a VAT claim can be made to the HM Revenue and Customs on capital assets costing  £2,000 and above. Fourth, a VAT Flat Rate Scheme registered business will be required to charge the full VAT rate on all goods and services and file a return every quarter (Easy Accountancy, 2015). When Molly registers as a VAT Flat Rate Scheme, she will benefit from this scheme by earning money from the VAT because she will charge her sales the normal standard VAT rate of 20% but pay the lower rate of 8.5%. Therefore, the extra revenue earned from this scheme will be: According to the HM Revenue and Customs (2015), tax evasions are an illegal act and are where an individual deliberately attempts not to pay the tax due. The corporations or individuals engaging in tax evasion misrepresent their incomes to the relevant tax administrating body. Such misrepresentations are in the form of inflating deductions, underreporting incomes and using offshore accounts to hide money and its interest (Cornell University, 2015). In simpler terms as put by Murray (2015) and the Taxpayers Australia (2014), tax evasion is the illegal act of failing to pay taxes by failing to report income, reporting disallowable expenses, or failing to pay the tax owed. On the other hand, tax avoidance is a legitimate way of minimising taxes by using the avenues approved by the tax authority

Evaluate the impact of media such as video games, film and TV on the Essay - 1

Evaluate the impact of media such as video games, film and TV on the behaviour of teenagers - Essay Example This makes it important to study deeply the influence of media on behaviours of teenagers. There is a lot of research in this field where some studies conclude its negative effects and some conclude presenting the pluses. Most of the studies suggest that the more the teens spent time in front of screen more likely it is that they get exposed to the information that is not useful. Spending more time viewing TV is also harmful to the health of teens as it is known to lead to sedentary lifestyles, unhealthy eat and sleep patterns, and obesity (Council on Communications and Media 2011). Besides the effects on health, over-exposure to media is also known to affect the behaviors of the teenagers. This essay explores the effect of media on the behavior of teens. Starting with discussion on the adverse effects of media on teens, the essay will outline the positive aspects, that is, the counter-argument and refutation to each counter-argument before presenting conclusions. There are several studies that suggest negative effects of media on behaviors of teenagers. Anderson et al (2003) stated that it is now a proven fact that media violence results in transmitting aggressive and violent behavior in youth in both short as well as long term contexts. Researchers concluded that being exposed to media that is full of violent attitudes and behaviors is sure to lead adolescents adopt similar behaviors. This also leads to bullying weak students in school and trying to involve in activities that are considered ‘cool’ among a group. Teens usually adopt such behavior for social acceptance and media has a very important role of play in this classification of social acceptance and ‘cool dude’ attitude. In another study, Huesmann and Taylor (2006) suggested similar findings; they also found that media violence contributes to violent

Multimedia and the Internet Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Multimedia and the Internet - Research Paper Example The user has the ability to make member accounts on the website that is free currently. The website enables the user to gather the accessories of his or her interest by making an account also enabling the website to inform them of promotional activities and sales through emails. Advantage that the website provides is the function of displaying new items on the shelf at the home page. Apart from that, products that are in fashion are displayed at the home page with a brief insight on them to enable the user to get familiar with the product. A search section is also provided in case a user wants to search for a specific product on the website or look for several related products. The website also provides a function of comparing products on the basis of several factors and ranking them accordingly to provide the user the best brand according to his demands. The website design is perfect and up to the standards of any good website, there are no error links meaning every link does take you to a new page that displays information related to the caption of the link. The website contains all the information that a customer will need regarding the product with the added advantage of a simple window to window moving procedure. The website is quite user friendly and covers all the concepts that any good website does. Overview The second website that's going to be discussed on the same given standards is Computer Shops that is basically a search portal that provides the user list of websites that are selling computer accessories online. The difference between the two websites is a major one but we are not comparing here. Design and Layout This website is quite attractive and interactive but the problem is that the websites outlook is not as attractive as the one we discussed earlier. The options and functionality are obviously limited as this website is a search portal. Functions and Navigation The research portal gives the user access to articles and products related to computer accessories from all over the World Wide Web. The website also enables a user to search for different online shops. The website is easy to read with a simple two colored background and a decent font. The website also contains pictures to help give a clear and broader meaning to the material present on the website plus the user gets a clearer picture of the product and the search results. The website's additional advantage is that it also provides results from local databases as well as international. Error Links The error links that the website provide go up to twenty-five and are displayed on the home page of the website. Source coding = attached to the appendix Overall Feedback The website belongs to second-class category and the error links are the major draw back for the website. Tons of information is provided but moving through it is not as easy as it could have been, a certain amendment in the search method would give the website a better ranking. Overview The third website we will discuss is about Personal Computers and the name of the website is Southern Computers. Design and Layout The website's first impression is of a local low budget website with a very dull colored backgroun

Evaluate the impact of media such as video games, film and TV on the Essay - 1

Evaluate the impact of media such as video games, film and TV on the behaviour of teenagers - Essay Example This makes it important to study deeply the influence of media on behaviours of teenagers. There is a lot of research in this field where some studies conclude its negative effects and some conclude presenting the pluses. Most of the studies suggest that the more the teens spent time in front of screen more likely it is that they get exposed to the information that is not useful. Spending more time viewing TV is also harmful to the health of teens as it is known to lead to sedentary lifestyles, unhealthy eat and sleep patterns, and obesity (Council on Communications and Media 2011). Besides the effects on health, over-exposure to media is also known to affect the behaviors of the teenagers. This essay explores the effect of media on the behavior of teens. Starting with discussion on the adverse effects of media on teens, the essay will outline the positive aspects, that is, the counter-argument and refutation to each counter-argument before presenting conclusions. There are several studies that suggest negative effects of media on behaviors of teenagers. Anderson et al (2003) stated that it is now a proven fact that media violence results in transmitting aggressive and violent behavior in youth in both short as well as long term contexts. Researchers concluded that being exposed to media that is full of violent attitudes and behaviors is sure to lead adolescents adopt similar behaviors. This also leads to bullying weak students in school and trying to involve in activities that are considered ‘cool’ among a group. Teens usually adopt such behavior for social acceptance and media has a very important role of play in this classification of social acceptance and ‘cool dude’ attitude. In another study, Huesmann and Taylor (2006) suggested similar findings; they also found that media violence contributes to violent

Supreme Court Essay Example for Free

Supreme Court Essay Marbury v. Madison:(1803) Judicial review In 1801, Justice William Marbury was to have received a commission from President Adams, but Secretary of State James Madison refused to issue the commission. Chief Justice Marshall stated that the Judiciary Act of 1789, which was the basis for Marburys claim, conflicted with Article III of the Constitution. Marbury did not receive the commission. This case determined that the Supreme Court and not the states would have the ultimate word on whether an issue was in violation of the Constitution. The Supreme Court judged that when the state of Georgia rescinded a land grant it was unconstitutional since it revoked the rights already granted in the contract. This was the first case to declare a state law in violation of the Constitution. . Dartmouth College v. Woodward: (1819) Contracts and State law The New Hampshire legislature amended the original charter of the college, which had been in place since 1769, to make the college more accessible to the public. The problem was that the legislature acted without consultation with the college trustee. The Supreme Court ruled that the original charter was inviolable as the charter was a contract. This decision led to a strengthening of property rights against state abridgement. McCulloch v. Maryland: (1819) Implied powers James Madison created a national bank, The state of Maryland believed this was an intrusion into states rights and attempted to tax the bank. James McCullough, who worked at the bank, refused to pay the state taxes because he believed the state had no right to tax a national bank. Marshall stated. That the bank was incompliance with the constitution and could not be subjected to state taxes. This case established the rule that states could not tax an institution of the federal government. Gibbons v. Ogden: (1824) Interstate commerce Act issue was the right to carry passengers along a canal from New York to New Jersey. The state of New York had granted Aaron Ogden the exclusive right. The federal government issued a license to Thomas Gibbons for the same route. On appeal the case went to the Supreme Court after Ogden sued Gibbons and won. The Supreme Court decided that Gibbons was right and that states cannot stop Congress regulating interstate commerce. This was a landmark case because it established federal authority over the states. This became the basis of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Cherokee Nation v. The State of Georgia: (1831) State law and Indians The Cherokee Indians had been farming the land in the western part of the state and had established their own government. The Georgians passed laws and tried to have the Cherokee government declared null and void. The Cherokee nation brought the suit to the Supreme Court on the grounds that the Cherokee nation was a foreign entity and therefore the state of Georgia had no rights. Marshall knew that if he ruled in favor of the Indians, President Jackson would not enforce the ruling. So Marshall ruled that the Cherokee nation did not constitute a foreign nation. Thus the Supreme Court had no jurisdiction over the Cherokee nation. Worcester v. Georgia: (1832) State law and Indians in Worcester v. Georgia John Marshall invalidated a Georgia law concerning entry into the Cherokee nation. In this case Worcester, a missionary, sued on the grounds that the state had no right to control any aspect of the Cherokee nation as this would fall within the powers of the federal government. This was just one more instance of the Marshall Court increasing power for the federal government over state governments. The Marshall court attempted to protect the property rights of the Indians. Unfortunately, even Marshall was unable to keep the Indians from continually being forced off their land. . Scott v. Sanford: (1857) Citizenship and Slavery Dred Scott was the slave of an army doctor. The doctor had lived in free states and in free territories, but had returned to Missouri, a slave state, before his death. Scott sued the doctors wife for his freedom on the basis that in a free state he had been free. The Supreme Court decided that Congress had no power to forbid slavery in the territories. They also said that as a slave, Scott was not a citizen and was not eligible to sue in a federal court. This decision annulled the Missouri Compromise and the Kansas-Nebraska Act. The case centered on 3 issues: a) Was Dred Scott a citizen? b) Could Congress prohibit slavery in the territories? c) If a slave was property, then shouldnt Sanford be compensated? Scott and his family did win their freedom because Scotts new owner was the widows brother and a known abolitionist. This case was never about the freedom of Dred Scott but about the future expansion of slavery into the territories. Texas v. White:(1869) Legality of Confederate Government Policies After the Civil War the reconstruction government of the state of Texas brought suit to regain state-owned securities, which had been sold by the Confederate state legislators during the war. The defense claimed that since Texas had not been restored to the Union there were no grounds for a federal court case. Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase maintained that since secession was illegal, Texas had never left the Union. Chase said the Confederate government of the state had been unlawful so all acts carried out by the government were null and void. Therefore the state was entitled to recover the securities. Plessy v. Ferguson: (1896) Separate but equal Homer Plessy was arrested in Louisiana for riding in a whites-only railroad car. Plessy, who was one-eighth African American, appealed on the basis of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The court said that so long as the facilities were equal then it was legal to racially separate. This became the impetus for segregation across the south. Swift and Company v.  United States: (1905) Defining Interstate Commerce. Swift claimed to be participating in business that was intrastate and not interstate, which he added, meant the interstate commerce act did not apply to his business. The court agreed unanimously that this was not the case and Swift was trying to create a monopoly. Armed with the Sherman Antitrust Act, Oliver Wendell Holmes said the company had a current of commerce among states. Bunting v. Oregon: (1917) Government Enforcement of 10-Hour Workday. In 1913 Oregon established a 10-hour workday for all men and women in mills or manufacturing industries. Any work beyond the ten hours was payable at a rate of time -and-a-half. Bunting, who owned a factory required his workers to work a 13 hour day and did not pay overtime. The Court was split on the issue and did not want to be seen as a regulator of wages. Eventually the court decided that overtime pay did not constitute wage regulation. Schenck v. United States: (1919) Freedom of Speech during Wartime. During World War I Charles Schenck had distributed pamphlets that said the draft was illegal. He was charged under the Espionage Act (1917). Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes rejected the argument that the pamphlets were protected by the free speech clause of the Constitution. Holmes told the court that freedom of speech could be suppressed if there is a clear and present danger, and since this happened during a time of war, there was such a circumstance. Korematsu v. United States: (1944) Legality of Japanese Internment during WWII In1942, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, which required the forced relocation of over 100,000 Japanese-Americans to relocation camps. The Supreme Court ruled the relocation was illegal. In1988 these people, of whom many were citizens, received compensation. tL-94l.. . Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas: (1954) Equal protection Linda brown was denied admission to a local elementary school in Topeka, Kansas. The basis for her denial was that she was black. Chief Justice Earl Warren overruled the separate but equal doctrine of Plessy v. Ferguson. He stated that the public schools violated the fourteenth amendment condition of equal protection under the law. The defendants claimed that the inferior conditions in segregated schools hindered their development. After the ruling was made, the court declared that segregation must end. Gideon v. Wainwright: (1963) Representation by Counsel Gideon was accused of a breaking into a poolroom in Florida but he had no financial means to secure a defense. He requested a defense counsel but was refused and was forced to defend himself. The court returned a guilty verdict. This led to the Supreme Court ruling that all people were entitled to legal counsel regardless of their ability to pay for legal counsel. Heart of Atlanta Motel v.  United States: (1964) Interstate commerce In 1964 Congress tried to pass the Civil Rights Act based on its power to regulate interstate commerce. Congress believed it had the right to ban discrimination in public accommodation and in employment. A motel owner challenged the law on the basis, that he had a local business which should not be considered interstate commerce. The Supreme Court ruled that since the business gained most of its income from interstate commerce; thus, the business was liable to the rules of Article 1, section 8 of the Interstate Commerce Act. Wesberry v. Sanders: (1964) one man tine vote This case dealt ith the apportionment of congressional districts in Georgia. The voters of Georgias fifth congressional district, easily the largest district, believed that their representation was not as equal as that of other districts with less people. They argued that because the state legislators had failed to, realign the districts their vote was debased. The Supreme Court ruled that as much as possible districts should be comparable in terms of population. Miranda v. Arizona: (1966) Rights in custody Ernesto Miranda a man who had not completed the ninth grade was arrested at his home in Arizona and identified as a suspect ina rape-kidnapping case. When he was questioned about the crime Miranda maintained he was innocent, but after two hours of interrogation he signed a confession. At the trial the confession was admitted as evidence and the court found Miranda guilty. The police acknowledged that Miranda had not been made aware. of his rights during the process nor had he had access to legal counsel. While the Miranda confession was given with relatively little pressure it still violated the constitutional requirements that governed such procedures. Inthis case, the Warren court ruled that the accused must be made aware of his or her rights from the beginning. Roe v. Wade: (1973) Right to Privacy During the sexual revolution of the 1960s and 1970s the number of abortions performed illegally was unbelievably high. Inits decision the Court struck down a Texas law that made it illegal to perform abortions unless the womans life was risk. Jane Roe an unmarried mother wanted to terminate her pregnancy but she did not meet the necessary requirements. The Court sided with Roe and said that a woman had a constitutional right to privacy that extended to cover a decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy. Bakke v. Board of Regents of California: . (1977) Affirmative Action In an attempt to get greater racial and ethnic diversity The University of California Medical School at Davis created a special category for minority students. This was the first constitutional test for affirmative action. Bakke, a white student, was rejected by the university and filed a lawsuit alleging discrimination under the Civil Rights Act of 1965. The Court said the university can use special criteria to determine which students gained acceptance so long as it did not use a quota system.

Sickle Cell Anaemia: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

Sickle Cell Anaemia: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments Blood disease is a disorder or disease which will affect one or more parts of the blood, preventing our blood from performing its job in an effective rate. Sometimes, it is also known as blood disorder (Martin, E.A., ed., 2010). Nowadays, there are many types of blood diseases and they are growing public health problems affecting many countries, races and also ethnic groups. They can be classified into acute or chronic. Some of the them are inherited and can cause death. Sickle cell anemia (SCD) is a serious inherited genetic condition which affects the haemoglobin molecule within the red blood cells. It is a condition in which there are lack of healthy and normal red blood cells to carry sufficient oxygen throughout our bodies. The people with sickle cell anemia normally have deformed red blood cells which look like sickles or crescent moons (Mayo Clinic, 2011). This is because the sickle cells contain haemoglobin S or sickle haemoglobin which is an abnormal haemoglobin (MedlinePlus, 2010). The unusual C shaped cells which look like a farm tool called sickle give the disease its name (CDC, 2011). The alternative names for sickle cell anemia are sickle cell disease or sickle cell disorder, haemoglobin SS disease and HbS disease (NHLBI.NIH, 2011) . Today, millions of people have been diagnosed with sickle cell disease. This type of blood disease is much more common in Africa and Mediterranean (PubMed Health, 2012). About one of every 12 African Americans will carry the sickle cell trait in a persons genes (MedlinePlus, 2012). Apart from that, it is estimated that 90 000 to 100 000 people in the United States mainly Blacks or African Americans are affected by sickle cell anemia. About one of every 500 Black newborns and one out of every 36 000 Hispanic-American newborns will have this blood disease (CDC, 2011). There are two risk factors that can increase the chances of getting sickle cell anemia which are inheritance and mutation. First of all, sickle cell anemia is an autosomal recessive genetic blood disease which the sickle cell gene will pass from generation to generation. To have this disease, the defective form of the gene must be inherited to a child from both of the parent. A child will have sickle cell trait if the sickle cell gene is passed from only one parent. A person is known as the carrier of sickle cell anemia if he or she has one normal haemoglobin gene and one defective form of the gene. In addition to, the defective gene can be passed to next generation and affect them. While, if both of the parent are carrier, a 50% chance of getting a child who is carrier, 25% chance of having a child who is normal and another 25% chance of having a child with sickle cell anemia (FamilyDoctor.org, 2006). Besides, substitution is a kind of gene mutation which cause this blood disease to occur. The gene mutation is caused by the mutagens which are physical or chemical substances that can affects the genetic material of an organism. Hence, the person who always stays in environment with a lot of radiation or mutagen, he or she has higher risk of getting this disease (Gan Wan Yeat, 2010). This type of blood disease can be prevented if the married couples who both carry the sickle cell trait gene do not have any children. By doing this, the recessive gene will not passed from a generation to another generation . A normal person has haemoglobin A genes which are HbA. If the person who suffers from sickle cell disease, he or she has two haemoglobin S genes (HbS) which are inherited from both parent. These HbS genes are caused by the gene mutation. The base sequence in the DNA for the synthesis of haemoglobin is changed by a single substitution. Hence, the glutamic acid codon is now instead of valine codon (BBC, 2010). When the oxygen content of an affected persons blood is low, the sickle cell hameoglobin will aggregate into long rods that deform red cells into a sickle or crescent shape which are abnormal haemoglobin (Reece, J.B., et. al., 2011). Besides, these sickle red blood cells are rigid and sticky. This results in less oxygen is delivered to the bodys tissues (MedlinePlus, 2012). The symptoms and signs of sickle cell anemia usually become more obvious after an infant is 4 months old and they are varying. The most common symptom of this disease is painful events. They are sudden pain that happens in different parts of the body. This pain is also known as sickle cell crisis. Usually, the sickle cell crises can cause pain in the hands, bones, legs, abdomen and so on. This is because the sickle cell get stuck in the small blood vessel as they travel, interrupting the healthy blood flow (National Marrow Donor Program, 2007). People who suffer from sickle cell anemia normally have anemia which will make them feel tired and weak. This is caused by the shortage of red blood cells. Furthermore, they will look pale (WebMD, 2010). Apart from that, the other symptoms of sickle cell anemia may include shortness of breath, blindness, delayed growth, hand-foot syndrome and so on. If it is not treated, stroke, infections, acute chest syndrome and organ damage are the effects of sickle cell anemia (genomics.energy.gov, 2005). Bone marrow transplant is the only cure for sickle cell anemia. However, it is difficult to find a donor who is matched with the recipient and the procedure has serious risks and can even cause death. There are many types of treatments for this blood disease including medication. Children with sickle cell anemia can be treated by using antibiotic penicillin in order to help prevent infections. While pain relieving medications are responsible in relieving pain during sickle cell crisis. The frequency of painful crisis also can be reduced using hydroxyuera. Moreover, blood transfusions are another type of treatments for sickle cell anemia. The blood transfusion can help to relieve anemia by increasing the number of normal blood cells in circulation (Mayo Clinic, 2011). This is because the sickle shaped cells live only 10 to 20 days which is much shorter than the normal red blood cells. Furthermore, a balanced diet is needed. The supplements of folic acid, vitamin D and zinc should be taken in order to help make new red blood cells. Alcohols and cigarette smokes should be avoided (FamilyDoctor.org, 2006). As a conclusion, sickle cell anemia is a chronic blood disease that cannot be underestimated. This is because there is no cure for the people with this blood disease. Nevertheless, there are many types of treatments and prognosis can help to prevent further problems which are associated with this blood disease. Prevention is better than cure. Hence, people from all walk of life should working out preventive action to avoid them from getting this severe and rare disease.

Atheism :: essays research papers

Atheism, from the Greek a ("without") and theos ("deity"), commonly and loosely refers to the theoretical or practical denial of the existence of a deity. The concrete meaning of atheism has varied considerably in history: even the earliest Christians were labeled "atheists" because they denied the existence of the Roman deities. In Western culture, where monotheism has been the dominant mode of religious belief, atheism has generally referred to the denial of the existence of a transcendent, perfect, personal creator of the universe. To be an atheist need not mean that one is nonreligious, for there are "high" religions, such as Buddhism and Taoism, that do not postulate the existence of a supernatural being. Monotheism has been so basic to and compounded with Western moral and philosophical beliefs as well as political institutions that until recently atheism has been widely believed to be both immoral and dangerous to society. Plato not only viewed atheism as irrational but argued that certain atheists deserved the death penalty. When Christianity finally became the dominant religion in the West, atheism and heresy were thought to be worthy of exile or death because, as Thomas Aquinas argued, it was a much more serious matter to corrupt the soul than to damage the body. Atheism was also dangerous to the political authority of Western monarchies that claimed to rest upon divine right. Even during the Enlightenment when the divine right of kings was challenged and religious toleration defended, John Locke, a staunch advocate of toleration, denied free speech to atheists on the grounds that they undermined and destroyed religion. The believability of atheism seems directly proportionate to the growth of the sciences and the emergence of humanism since the Renaissance. In the 19th century the biological sciences seemed to make theological explanations of the origins of the universe and of the emergence of humankind unnecessary. Particularly important were the writings of David Hume and Immanuel Kant, which established that attempts to prove the existence of God from the world order were invalid. In the mid-19th century, explicitly atheistic and humanistic systems of philosophy appeared. Ludwig Feuerbach, Karl Marx, Arthur Schopenhauer, and Friedrich Nietzsche were not only atheists but also militant critics of religion generally and of Christianity particularly. Modern philosophical atheism is based on both theoretical and practical reasons.

Al Capone Essay -- essays research papers

Al Capone, probably the most notorious and well known gangster in history, was born in 1887 in Naples, Italy. His father, Gabriel Caponi, immigrated to Brooklyn from the slums of Naples in 1910. After he came here he changed his last name too Capone too blend in more. Al Capone’s gang activities started out when he was young. He was in the Five Points Gang, who were known for their violence. The gang’s tradition was to scar their victims with a knife cut from the outside corners of their eyes to their ears. At the time, Johnny Torrio was a major mob boss and his uncle, Jim Colosimo (AKA "Big Jim"), hired Capone as a bouncer. Al Capone was a large man, did his job well, and soon he came to recognition in Torrio’s gang. During his stint as a bouncer, Capone one time made a disrespectful comment to Frank Galluccio’s (a member of the Brooklynite gang) sister. Galluccio pulled out his pocket knife and went for Al’s face. When it was over, Capone had 3 big scars on his face. This earned him the nick name Scar Face. He hated the name, and whoever said it to his face would not live to regret it. After his recovery, he forgave Galluccio and because of this gesture he was hired as a body guard for Torrio at $100 a week. Capone eventually told the public that his scars were old war wounds received in France. Al Capone married Mae Coughlin in 1918 and together they had a son, Albert Francis, and chose Johnny Torrio as his Godfather. Torrio gave his godson $5000 a year. Shortly after, facing possible murder charges, they fled to Chicago. When Colosimo died, Capone became the right hand man of Torrio’s gang. Together, Capone and Torrio expanded the gang’s territories by taking out the their leaders. On one occasion there were Sicilians in the Sicilian Mafia and Al for a dinner in their "honor." After they had finished their lavish meal and drank as much wine as there hearts desired, he killed the unsuspecting visitors. They also tightened there political control over the city. Capone boasted "I own the police." He actually did own the police. This was most prominent during the November elections of 1929 when a lawyer by the name of Frank Lowsch persuaded Capone to have the elections be fair. He asked to have the police arrest any gangsters or hoodlums , and they did. There was not one incident of interventio... ... lavish meal and drank as much wine as there hearts desired, the smile that had been on Capone’s face disappeared and now silence fell over the table and the unsuspecting guests looked up nervously at Capone. Then Capone said "You thought that I didn’t know, huh? Well there is one offense that I never forgive that is disloyalty." Even though Capone was ruthless, he still carried out the old custom of hospitality before execution. With saying that, his bodyguards leaped on the men and started to strangle them. Al came out with a base ball bat in hand. He beat all of them to death and, to make sure they were dead, they also shot them in the back of the head. Something else that surprised me was the competition between the gangs, who could give the most flowers and give the most lavish funerals to the men they killed from the opposite side of town. Al Capone was a very ruthless killer but he still had style, a certain classy air about him. We all know of Al Capone as a gangster but in his time he actually gave to a lot of charities and organizations. Some people thought of him as hero. To the upper class people he was an outlaw but, to the poor people, he was Santa Clause.

What Is Criminal Justice

A crime is committed when a person has violated the law by the state, federal government and local jurisdiction system and cannot be justified. Crime can be categorized in several types of ways; felonies, misdemeanors, offenses, treason and espionage and inchoate offenses. Felonies are considered to be major crimes which could cost an offender jail time, probation and confiscated property. The two most common models of how society determines whether a crime has been committed are criminal law and criminal justice. Criminal law relates to crime and punishment.In contrast, criminal justice focus is geared towards the right and wrong doing in situations. There is no separation between social and criminal justice because justice is portrayed by our nation’s criminal court. The law is a set of guidelines that has been applied through public establishment to regulate behavior wherever possible. Criminal law has two essential parts which are substantive criminal law that identifies c rimes and punishment the offender may face and procedural law is a method use to enforce substantive law.The government structure that applies to the criminal justice system is connected by the federal, state and local level. The government has three branches to help avert and manage crime the legislature, judiciary and the executive. The legislature division determines what is right and wrong and how congress passes laws. The executive branch enforces the law and judiciary system interprets the law. Criminological theory is an explanation of the causes of crime and how it is connected within the criminal justice system.Understanding the criminal is significant to first understand how civilization thinks and determine what acts are considering a crime. A thought based on classical and neoclassical of criminology is a choice theory. Conscious choices created by choice theory are a basic belief of criminality. To understand choice theory, it is important to first address the basic ass umptions use by classical theorist.Schmalleger (2009) stated, â€Å"Crime is caused by the individual exercise of free will. Human beings are fundamentally rational, and most human behavior is the result of free will coupled with rational choice† (pp. 83-84). Early theorist of the classical school believed that pain and pleasure were the dominate traits that governed human behavior. These early rational were replaced with a more modern rational choice theory. Scott (2000) stated, â€Å"What distinguishes ational choice theory form other forms of theory is that it denies the existence of any kinds of action other than purely rational and calculative. All social action can be seen as rationally motivated, as instrumental actions, however much it may appear to be irrational or non-rational† (p. 2). The concept of personal choice is rooted in the analysis of human behavior developed by Ceasar Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. Bentham essentially said that an individual would co mmit a crime as long as the reward outweighed the consequences.

Classification of Laws

Classification of Laws An important method of classifying law is according to the system in which it is created. †¢ common law Rules of law created by the courts through judicial decisions. Courts â€Å"make law† as part of the process of deciding cases and controversies before them. The case law created in this process is based on a doctrine known as stare decisis. This doctrine is based on the notion that prior decisions provide guidance that should be followed in subsequent cases involving the same questions of law. Thus, where a rule of law has been announced and followed by courts so that the rule has become settled by judicial decision, a precedent is established for future cases. The common law system originated in England. Therefore, because of our nation’s close historical association with England, the common law system is of significant importance in the United States. Indeed, many state constitutions specifically adopted the common law of England as the beginning point of those states’ legal systems. Civil law systems found in France and Spain are quite different from the common law system. The civil law systems rely primarily on legislative enactments, rather than judicial decisions, for law. Any court in a civil law system must defer to the legislation for the answer to a legal issue. The courts’ decisions do not become precedent. Future cases also must be resolved by reference to applicable legislation. Only Louisiana, among the various states, follows a civil law system. This is due to Louisiana’s historical ties with France. Public law Another way of classifying the law is to divide it into matters of public law and matters of private law. public law involves those matters that involve the regulation of society as opposed to individuals interacting. Examples of public law include constitutional law, administrative law, and criminal law. oConstitutional law involves the interpretation and application of either the federal or a state constitution. oAdministrative law describes the legal principles that apply to government agencies, bureaus, boards, and commissions. Criminal law encompasses all legal aspects of crime. In each of these areas, society, or â€Å"the people,† are directly involved in the issues. Their interests are represented by a governmental agency, officer, or official whose obligation it is to see that justice is accomplished and the ends of society achieved. Public law provides a major portion of the legal env ironment of business. †¢Private law encompasses those legal problems and relationships that exist between individuals. Private law is traditionally separated into the law of contracts, the law of torts, and the law of property. Contract law addresses agreements between two parties. †¢Tort law addresses wrongs other than a breach of contract, by which one party injures another. †¢Property law deals with all aspects of ownership and possession of both tangible things and intangible rights. Our whole economic system is based upon the rights of individuals to acquire and use private property. Another means of classifying the law is to divide it into: †¢Civil Law and Criminal Law, For administrative purposes, courts usually separate criminal actions from all other lawsuits. Civil cases may include suits for breach of contract or tort cases, such as suits for personal injuries. Typically, they involve a request for damages or other appropriate relief that does not involve punishment of the wrongdoer. Criminal cases involve a representative of government attempting to prove the wrong committed against society and seeking to have the wrongdoer punished by the court system. †¢Substantive Law and Procedural Law Another important classification or distinction in law is between substance and procedure. Substantive law defines the legal relationship of people with other people or between them and the state. Thus, the rules of law governing the creation or enforcement of a contractual promise are substantive in nature. Procedural law deals with the method and means by which substantive law is made and administered. The time allowed for one party to sue another and the rules of law governing the process of the lawsuit are examples of procedural laws. Thus, substantive rules of law define rights and duties, while procedural rules of law provide the machinery for enforcing those rights and duties. Judicial procedures involve the conduct of lawsuits and appeals and the enforcement of judgments. The rules for conducting civil trials are different from those for criminal trials. For example, each party may call the other party to the witness stand for cross-examination in a civil trial, but the defendant may not be required to testify in a criminal case. Procedural problems sometimes arise concerning papers filed in lawsuits, the admission of evidence, and various other techniques involved in trying the case. They are the rules of the game. Next, you will study these procedural aspects of law in greater depth. In summary, For instance, Common Law was created with the purpose of establishing a set of legal rules based on previous court decisions made on similar cases, and these decisions may or may not be regulated by any already existing statutes. This form of law is based on the stare decisis doctrine. In contrast to the common law, Civil Law is dependent on statutes, where decisions are made based on established legislative rules, therefore prior decisions from judges do not take precedence. The second classification is based on the differentiation between Public and Private law, where public law relates to societal influences and governing structures, whereas private law deals with upholding the legal rights of individuals. Another common classification introduced is that of Civil and Criminal laws, in which the courts make a distinction between laws that pertain to the deliberate perpetration of a criminal wrongdoing, from laws that were established to enforce and ascertain the outcome of a lawsuit between disputing parties. Finally, laws can also be classified as Substantive or Procedural laws, where substantive laws address the rights and duties that protect every person within our society, and the application of procedural laws, which governs and enforces the rules that assist in controlling the behavior of all the officers, governing bodies, and other members that form our judicial system. All members of the armed forces must adhere to military rules enforced by a document known as the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and this document provides all necessary guidelines in the compliance of the various articles delineated in the document. In addition, we must also comply with federal, state and local regulations. For example, in order to avoid fines and legal reprisals, and also due to the technical nature of our working environment, rules and regulations generated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) must be adopted and enforced, ensuring the safety of personnel and environmental stability.

Hospitality Operation Management Essay

Executive Summary This report is based on the findings from Tripadvisor that aimed to examine theissues of in Bella Vista Hotel and Resort Langkawi and provided therecommendations for improving housekeeping management in the futureexpansion. The findings in this report are according to the comments fromguests who had been staying in Bella Vista Hotel and Resort previously and makethe judgments on those serious issues in this particular hotel. The studyconfirmed the existing of inappropriate hotel housekeeping operation andmanagement would strongly influence the image of hotel and lead this hoteltowards low revenue. This report discusses on four issues of Bella Vista Hoteland Resort which are room hygiene and cleanliness concerns, inappropriatemaintenance, bathroom and amenities as well as inconsistent manpowermanagement and other service. Because of the massive growth of travelers around the world, the guests‟ perception to the hotel rooms have been shifted differently compared the past. Hotel guests are looking forward a comfortableroom and proper hotel management when they are staying in particular hotel toincrease the satisfaction of guests. It is shown that the comments from hotelguests are effective means of evaluating the issues of Bella Vista Hotel andResort and the application of recommendations are highlighted. Introduction to assignment objectives Hospitality environment has always played a key role in the tourism and hotelculture. Lodging or Accommodation with service is the center of any hotel in theworld, but recently, it has been facing many problems. Society nowadays shiftsthe concerns from traditional style with high-class service and room amenities tothe flexibly modern way of saving money or budget oriented style due to thechanges of preferences, economic crisis and other external factors. Guestsbecome smarter and pickier when they choose the hotel to stay. The hotelsattempting to succeed have to forecast what the new trend is. And they alsoshould consider of combining two elements of luxury and budget in one coreproduct   room (Power, 2005).Malaysia is early named as one of the most popular tourist destinationsworldwide. With its significant hot spots, especially in island areas, tourists areincreasingly coming to Malaysia and enjoying their trip with affordable price.Langkawi islands (Malaysia) and its hotels serve a thousand of tourists annually,which means to sustain the quality and quantity, the hotels in this isolated islandput as much effort as possible. With the combination of the custom ers‟  expectation factors such as low rate and high quality in service, the frequency of guests‟ returns inclines tremendously in Langkawi. However, in an isolated area with many issues can be happened, and to solve the problems, it could beanalyzed critically and particularly.